Adverbs play a crucial role in the English language, adding depth and detail to sentences. Among them, adverbs of purpose are particularly significant as they explain the reason or intent behind an action. Understanding and using adverbs of purpose correctly can greatly enhance your communication skills, making your sentences more precise and meaningful.
What Are Adverbs of Purpose?
Adverbs of purpose, also known as adverbial clauses of purpose, are words or phrases that answer the question “why?” They are used to explain the intention or reason behind the action in the main clause. For example, in the sentence “She studied hard to pass the exam,” the phrase “to pass the exam” is an adverb of purpose, explaining why she studied hard.
Common Adverbs of Purpose
There are several common adverbs and adverbial phrases that serve this function:
1. **To**: This is perhaps the simplest and most frequently used adverb of purpose. It is often followed by a verb in its base form.
– Example: He went to the store to buy some bread.
2. **In order to / So as to**: These phrases are more formal than simply using “to” and are often used in written English.
– Example: She saved money in order to buy a new car.
– Example: He left early so as to avoid traffic.
3. **For**: This preposition can also serve as an adverb of purpose when followed by a noun or gerund.
– Example: They went to the beach for a swim.
– Example: This tool is used for cutting wood.
4. **So that**: This phrase is used when there is a change in the subject between the two clauses.
– Example: I will give you my number so that you can call me.
5. **Lest**: This is a rather old-fashioned and formal word that implies a preventive measure.
– Example: He wore a coat lest he catch a cold.
Using Adverbs of Purpose in Sentences
Understanding how to correctly incorporate adverbs of purpose into your sentences can significantly improve your fluency and clarity. Below, we will explore various structures and examples to illustrate the usage of different adverbs of purpose.
Using “To”
The simplest way to express purpose is by using “to” followed by a verb in its base form. This structure is efficient and widely used in both spoken and written English.
– Example: She went to the library to study.
– Example: He called to apologize for his mistake.
This usage is straightforward, but it is important to ensure that the purpose is clear and directly related to the action in the main clause.
Using “In Order To” and “So As To”
These phrases add a level of formality and are often used in written English, academic writing, or formal speeches. They serve the same purpose as “to” but are used to emphasize the intent behind an action.
– Example: He took a day off in order to attend the conference.
– Example: She left early so as to catch the first train.
While “in order to” and “so as to” can often be used interchangeably, “so as to” is slightly more formal and less common in everyday conversation.
Using “For”
When using “for” as an adverb of purpose, it is typically followed by a noun or a gerund (the -ing form of a verb). This structure is useful when the purpose is a general activity or a specific event.
– Example: They went to the park for a picnic.
– Example: This book is great for improving your vocabulary.
Be mindful that “for” can serve various functions in a sentence, so context is key to determining whether it is being used as an adverb of purpose.
Using “So That”
“So that” is used when there is a different subject in the purpose clause compared to the main clause. It often introduces a clause that contains a modal verb such as “can,” “will,” “may,” or “might.”
– Example: I studied hard so that I could pass the exam.
– Example: She set an alarm so that she wouldn’t oversleep.
This structure is particularly useful for clarifying the relationship between the action and its intended outcome, especially when the subjects differ.
Using “Lest”
“Lest” is a more archaic and formal adverb of purpose that implies a precautionary action. It is often followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood, although this is less rigid in modern usage.
– Example: He spoke softly lest he wake the baby.
– Example: She double-checked her work lest she make a mistake.
While “lest” is not commonly used in everyday conversation, it can add a literary or formal tone to your writing.
Practical Tips for Using Adverbs of Purpose
To effectively use adverbs of purpose, consider the following practical tips:
1. **Identify the Purpose**: Before constructing your sentence, clearly identify the purpose or reason behind the action. This will help you choose the appropriate adverb or adverbial phrase.
2. **Match the Form**: Ensure that the form of the adverb of purpose matches the structure of your sentence. For instance, use “to” with a base verb, “for” with a noun or gerund, and “so that” with a clause.
3. **Maintain Clarity**: The purpose should be directly related to the action in the main clause. Avoid overly complex sentences that might confuse the reader or listener.
4. **Vary Your Usage**: While “to” is the most common adverb of purpose, varying your usage with phrases like “in order to,” “so as to,” and “so that” can add variety and depth to your writing and speaking.
5. **Practice**: Regular practice in both writing and speaking will help you become more comfortable with using adverbs of purpose. Try constructing sentences with different adverbs of purpose to see how they change the nuance and formality.
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Even advanced English learners can sometimes struggle with adverbs of purpose. Here are some common mistakes and tips on how to avoid them:
Confusing “To” with “For”
One common mistake is using “for” when “to” is more appropriate, or vice versa. Remember that “to” is followed by a base verb, while “for” is followed by a noun or gerund.
– Incorrect: She went to the store for buy some bread.
– Correct: She went to the store to buy some bread.
– Incorrect: This tool is used to cutting wood.
– Correct: This tool is used for cutting wood.
Omitting the Subject in “So That” Clauses
When using “so that,” ensure that the clause includes a subject and, often, a modal verb.
– Incorrect: I studied hard so that could pass the exam.
– Correct: I studied hard so that I could pass the exam.
Overusing Formal Phrases in Casual Contexts
While phrases like “in order to” and “so as to” add formality, they can sound out of place in casual conversation. Reserve them for written English or formal contexts.
– Casual: I’m going to the gym to work out.
– Formal: I’m going to the gym in order to work out.
Exercises for Practice
To solidify your understanding, here are a few exercises you can try. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb of purpose:
1. She brought a map __________ find her way.
2. He studied hard __________ he could get a scholarship.
3. We need more information __________ make a decision.
4. They went to the restaurant __________ celebrate their anniversary.
5. She whispered __________ not to wake the baby.
Answers:
1. to
2. so that
3. in order to
4. to
5. so as
Conclusion
Mastering adverbs of purpose is essential for clear and effective communication in English. These adverbs allow you to explain the reasons behind actions, adding depth and clarity to your sentences. By understanding the different types of adverbs of purpose and practicing their usage, you can enhance both your written and spoken English. Remember to identify the purpose, match the form, maintain clarity, vary your usage, and practice regularly to become proficient in using adverbs of purpose. Happy learning!
